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Herbicide Mode
of Action Reference
Chris
Boerboom |
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| This
reference was prepared primarily to assist with name recognition
of herbicide groups. It is important to understand which
herbicides are being addressed when discussing herbicide injury,
herbicide resistance, and herbicide programs. For example,
herbicides with a common mode of action will have similar injury
symptoms and knowing these modes of action aids in diagnosing
crop injury. In addition, over-using herbicides with a common
site of action without proper management increases the risk of
selecting herbicide resistant weeds, especially for certain
herbicide groups. Even discussions of herbicide programs are
simplified when herbicides with similar characteristics are
discussed together. In each of these cases, knowing which group
of herbicides are being discussed helps our communication.
Therefore, I have listed most of the primary herbicides that are
used in corn, soybean, alfalfa, and small grains according to a
classification system that combines the Weed Science Society of
America’s system (Weed Technology 11:384-393) and the system
used in the bulletin Herbicide Mode of Action and Injury
Symptoms (NCR 377). |
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| When
referring to herbicide groups, it would be desirable to use the
same names to avoid confusion. I have entered herbicide group
names in bold font that may be the most useful for describing
these groups. The reasons for selecting these names are:
1) to use names that are frequently used such as names used in
the farm press; 2) to have descriptive names rather than just a
number for the mode of action; and 3) to minimize the number of
names that are used (it is easier to refer to ALS inhibitors
than sulfonlyureas, imidazolinones, and sulfonamides). In
general, I have selected the first name that a group of
herbicides has in common. In regards to diagnosing herbicide
injury, I have also indicated if the herbicide’s primary
uptake is from the soil (S) or postemergence (P). If both are
listed, the first site listed is more frequently important. With
this system, there are 12 herbicide groups that we primarily use
in Wisconsin field crops. They are: |
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Classification
of Herbicide Names |
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I. |
Mode
of action (biological reason for plant death or injury) |
|
A. |
Site
of action (specific target of herbicide) |
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1. |
Chemical
family of herbicide group |
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Active
ingredient |
Trade
names
(uptake: S or P) |
Premixes
containing the ingredient |
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|
I. |
GROWTH
REGULATORS |
|
A. |
Synthetic
auxins |
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1. |
phenoxys |
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|
2,4-D
2,4-DB
MCPA
MCPB |
many (P)
Butyrac 200 (P)
many (P)
Thistrol (P) |
Crossbow,
Scorpion III, Shotgun,
Weedmaster |
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|
2. |
benzoic
acids |
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|
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|
dicamba |
Banvel,
Clarity (P) |
Celebrity,
Celebrity Plus, Distinct, Marksman, NorthStar, OpTill, Resolve,
Weedmaster |
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3. |
carboxylic
acids |
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clopyralid
picloram
triclopyr |
Stinger (P/S)
Tordon (P/S)
Garlon (P) |
Hornet, Scorpion III
Crossbow |
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|
II. |
AMINO
ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS |
|
A. |
ALS
inhibitors |
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|
1. |
imidazolinone |
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|
imazamox
imazapic
imazapyr
imazaquin
imazethapyr |
Raptor
(P)
Plateau (P)
Arsenal (S/P)
Scepter (S/P)
Pursuit (P/S) |
Lightning
Detail, Squadron, Steel
Contour, Extreme, Lightning, Pursuit Plus, Resolve, Steel |
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2. |
sulfonylurea |
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|
chlorimuron
halosulfuron
metsulfuron
nicosulfuron
primisulfuron
prosulfuron
rimsulfuron
sulfmeturon
thifensulfuron
tribenuron |
Classic (P/S)
Permit (P)
Ally (P/S)
Accent (P)
Beacon (P/S)
Peak (P/S)
Matrix (P)
Oust (S/P)
Pinnacle (P)
Express (P) |
Canopy,
Canopy XL, Reliance,
Synchrony
Accent Gold, Basis Gold, Celebrity,
Celebrity Plus
Exceed, NorthStar, Spirit
Exceed, Spirit
Accent Gold, Basis, Basis Gold
Basis, Harmony Extra, Reliance,
Synchrony
Harmony Extra |
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3. |
triazolopyrimidines (sulfonamide) |
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cloransulam
flumetsulam |
FirstRate (P/S)
Python (S/P) |
Bicep Magnum TR, Broadstrike+Dual, Broadstrike+Treflan, Hornet, Scorpion III |
|
B. |
EPSP
synthase inhibitors |
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1. |
none |
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glyphosate |
Glyfos,
Glyphomax,
Glyphomax Plus, Roundup Ultra, TouchDown (P) |
Bronco,
Extreme, Field Master, Ready Master ATZ |
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III. |
FATTY
ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS |
|
A. |
ACCase
inhibitors |
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1. |
aryloxyphenoxy
propionates |
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diclofop
fenoxaprop
fluazifop
quizalofop |
Hoelon
(P)
Option (P)
Fusilade DX (P)
Assure II (P) |
Fusion
Fusion |
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2. |
cyclohexanediones |
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clethodim
sethoxydim |
Select
(P)
Pestige, Poast,
Poast Plus (P) |
Conclude,
Manifest, Rezult |
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IV. |
SEEDLING
ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH INHIBITORS |
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A. |
Microtubule
inhibitors |
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|
1. |
dinitroaniline |
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benefin
ethalfluralin
oryzalin
pendimethalin
trifluralin |
Balan (S)
Sonolan (S)
Surflan (S)
Prowl, Pendimax
(S)
Treflan (S) |
Pursuit Plus, Squadron, Steel
Broadstrike+Treflan, Freedom |
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V. |
SEEDLING
SHOOT GROWTH INHIBITORS |
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A. |
Unknown |
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|
1. |
acetamides
(chloroacetamides and
oxyacetamides) |
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acetochlor
alachlor
dimethenamid
metolachlor
pronamide |
Degree,
Harness, Surpass, TopNotch (S)
Lasso, Micro-Tech, Partner (S)
Frontier (S)
Dual group (S)
flufenacet (S)
Kerb (S) |
Degree
Xtra, DoublePlay, Field Master, FulTime, Harness Xtra, Surpass
100
Bronco, Bullet, Freedom, Lariat
Detail, Guardsman, LeadOff, OpTill
Bicep group, Boundary, Broadstrike+Dual, Turbo
Axiom, Axiom AT, Domain |
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B. |
Lipid
synthesis inhibitors |
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1. |
thiocarbamates |
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butylate
EPTC |
Sutan (S)
Eptam, Eradicane (S) |
DoublePlay |
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VI. |
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
INHIBITORS |
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A. |
Photosystem
II |
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1. |
triazines |
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ametryn
atrazine
cyanazine
simazine |
Evik (P)
many (S/P)
Bladex, Cy-Pro (S/P)
Princep (S) |
Axiom AT, Basis Gold, Bicep group, Buctril+atrazine, Bullet,
Contour, Cy-Pro AT, Degree Xtra, Extrazine II, Field Master,
FulTime, Guardsman, Harness Xtra, Laddok S-12, Lariat, LeadOff,
Liberty ATZ, Marksman, Ready Master ATZ, Shotgun, Surpass 100
Cy-Pro AT, Extrazine II |
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2. |
triazinones |
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hexazinone
metribuzin |
Velpar
(S/P)
Sencor, Lexone (S/P) |
Axiom, Axiom AT, Boundary, Domain, Turbo |
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3. |
uracils |
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terbacil |
Sinbar (S) |
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4. |
ureas |
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diuron
linuron
tebuthiuron |
Karmex
(S)
Lorox (S/P)
Spike (S) |
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5. |
nitriles |
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bromoxynil |
Buctril (P) |
Buctril+atrazine |
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6. |
benzothiadiazole |
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bentazon |
Basagran
(P) |
Conclude,
Galaxy, Laddok S-12, Manifest, Rezult |
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7. |
phenyl-pyridazine |
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pyridate |
Tough (P) |
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VII. |
CELL
MEMBRANE DISRUPTERS |
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A. |
PPO
inhibitors |
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1. |
diphenylethers |
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|
acifluorfen
fomesafen
lactofen
oxyflurfen |
Blazer,
Status (P)
Flexstar, Reflex
(P/S)
Cobra (P)
Goal (S) |
Conclude,
Galaxy, Manifest
Stellar |
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2. |
N-phenyl-phthalimides |
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flumiclorac |
Resource (P) |
Stellar |
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3. |
triazolinones |
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|
carfentrazone
sulfentrazone |
Aim (P)
Authority (S) |
Canopy XL |
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B. |
Photosystem
I |
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1.
|
bipyridiliums |
|
|
|
|
diquat
paraquat
|
Reward
(P)
Gramoxone Extra (P) |
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C. |
Glutamine
synthesis inhibitor |
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1. |
none |
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|
|
glufosinate |
Liberty (P) |
Liberty ATZ |
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VIII. |
PIGMENT
INHIBITORS |
|
A. |
Diterpene
inhibitor |
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1. |
isoxazolidinone |
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|
|
clomazone |
Command (S/P) |
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B. |
4-HPPD
inhibitor |
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1. |
isoxazole |
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|
isoxaflutole |
Balance (S/P) |
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| December,
1999 |
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